IP or Internet Protocol Networking is a large subject, so here I am only going to cover some stuff and link to the rest.
There are a couple of reserved IPv4 address ranges as follows:
Further details are available on Wikipedia at Reserved IP addresses, however it is also worth considering that the ranges listed above are mostly used for Private network.
For a list of commonly allocated port number for use with TCP/IP List of TCP and UDP port numbers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia is a good reference.
There is a handy calculator at IP Subnet Calculator.